The federal government is responsible for criminal law, foreign affairs and laws relating to the regulation of Canadian commerce, interprovincial transportation, and telecommunications. Quebec law is the shared responsibility of the federal and provincial government. The Commission des normes, de l'équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (fr) (CNESST) is the main body responsible for labour laws in Quebec and for enforcing agreements concluded between unions of employees and their employers. The Union des producteurs agricoles (UPA) seeks to protect the interests of its members, including forestry workers, and works jointly with the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPAQ) and the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. The Société des établissements de plein air du Québec (SEPAQ) is the main body responsible for the management of national parks and wildlife reserves. Quebec is the only Canadian province that has set up a ministry to exclusively embody the state's powers for international relations.

• In the 2021 Canadian census, 29.3% of Quebec’s population stated their ancestry was of Canadian origin and 21.1% stated their ancestry was of French origin.
• In 2021, Quebec’s aerospace industry employed 35,000 people and its sales totalled C$15.2 billion – the world’s 6th largest.
• In the Labrador Peninsula portion of the Shield, the far northern region of Nunavik includes the Ungava Peninsula and consists of flat Arctic tundra inhabited mostly by the Inuit.
• The Ministère de l’Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale du Québec has the mandate to oversee social and workforce developments through Emploi-Québec and its local employment centres (CLE).
• Other major food products include beer, wine (including ice wine and ice cider), and cheese.

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Then, in 1921, prohibition was abolished by the Alcoholic Beverages Act, which created the SAQ and allowed the government to control the sale of alcohol. In 1919, the prohibition of spirits was enacted following a provincial referendum. In 1910, Armand Lavergne passed the Lavergne Law, the first language legislation in Quebec, which required the use of French alongside English on tickets, documents, bills and contracts issued by transportation and public utility companies. Under the aegis of the Catholic Church and the political action of Henri Bourassa, symbols of French Canadian national pride were developed, like the Flag of Carillon, and "O Canada" – a patriotic song composed for Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day. Montreal continued its expansions into new advances by introducing streetcars in 1892 and seeing bikes and automobiles populate its roads by the 1890s and 1900s respectively.

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The French population, who had thus far been "the Canadians", began to be identified with their ethnic community under the name "French Canadian" as they were a "French of Canada". Around this period, the British population appropriated the term Canadian to refer to themselves, referring to Canada, their place of residence. The representation issues were called into question by debates on "representation by population". In the beginning, Canada East was underrepresented because of its superior population size. Despite their population gap, Canada East and Canada West obtained an identical number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, which created representation problems.

Montréal sparkles in the heart of winter

Given the geology of the province and its different climates, there are a number of large areas of vegetation in Quebec. The northern regions of Quebec have an arctic climate (Köppen ET), with very cold winters and short, much cooler summers. Winters are long, very cold, and snowy, and among the coldest in eastern Canada, while summers are warm but very short due to the higher latitude and the greater influence of Arctic air masses. In periods of intense heat and cold, temperatures can reach 35 °C (95 °F) in the summer and −40 °C (−40 °F) during the Quebec winter, Most of central Quebec, ranging from 51 to 58 degrees North has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc).

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Constituting nearly one-sixth of Canada’s total land area, Quebec is the largest of Canada’s 10 provinces in area and is second only to Ontario in population. Some tried to slow the Grande Hémorragie by redirecting people north, which resulted in the founding of many regions in Quebec (ex. Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean, Val-d'Or) but also in Northeastern Ontario. The song À la claire fontaine was the anthem of the New France, Patriots and French Canadian, then replaced by O Canada, but "Gens du pays" is preferred by many Quebecers to be the national anthem of Quebec. Other major food products include beer, wine (including ice wine and ice cider), and cheese. The province has a long history of producing maple syrup, and creating new maple-derived products. Notable public agencies to catalogue and further develop Quebec's culture include the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, the Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec and Télé-Québec.

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Delegations from the other nine provinces and the federal government reached an agreement in the absence of Quebec's delegation, which had left for the night. In 1967, René Lévesque introduced the concept of sovereignty-association in his manifesto Option Quebec, proposing political independence with economic partnership including a common currency, free trade, and joint institutions. Also in 1962, Natural Resources Minister René Lévesque led the nationalization of Quebec's private electricity companies to create a unified Hydro-Québec. This government fundamentally restructured Quebec's institutions, creating a modern welfare state through new ministries for education, social affairs, and economic development.

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The Association of Film and Television in Quebec (APFTQ) promotes independent production in film and television. The Association des professionnels de l'industrie de l'humour (APIH) is the main organization for the promotion and development of the cultural sector of humour in Quebec and the National School of Humour (fr), created in 1988, trains future humorists in Quebec. Quebec has created and is home to several different comedy festivals, including the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal, as well as the Grand Rire festivals of Quebec, Gatineau and Sherbrooke. Tohu, la Cité des Arts du Cirque was founded in 2004 to disseminate the circus arts.

• Thanks to hydroelectricity, Quebec is the world’s fourth largest aluminum producer and creates 90% of Canadian aluminum.
• More than 95% of Quebec’s territory, including the Labrador Peninsula, lies within the Canadian Shield.
• Quebec City has hosted a number of recent sporting events, as well as being shortlisted for the 2002 Winter Olympics city selection.

This is the case, for example, with human rights and freedoms which are governed by the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, a Charter which applies to both government and citizens. The Parliament of Canada also influences Quebec private law, in particular through its power over banks, bankruptcy, marriage, divorce and maritime law. Quebec law is influenced by two judicial traditions (civil law and common law) and four classic sources of law (legislation, case law, doctrine and customary law).

More than 95% of Quebec's territory, including the Labrador Peninsula, lies within the Canadian Shield. Quebec's topography is very different from one region to another due to the varying composition of the ground, the climate, and https://forex-review.net/quebex-review/ the proximity to water. The rural part of the landscape is divided into narrow rectangular tracts of land that extend from the river and date back to the seigneurial system. In 2025, following the implementation of tariffs and aggressive rhetoric by the United States president Donald Trump, Quebecers decreased their travel to the US, banned the sale of American alcohol, and slightly reduced personal purchases of US items. On October 30, 2003, the National Assembly voted unanimously to affirm "that the people of Québec form a nation".

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Québec City has a number of historic sites, art galleries and museums, including Citadelle of Quebec, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Ursulines of Quebec, and Musée de la civilisation. In 2008 the city celebrated its 400th anniversary and was gifted funds for festivities and construction projects by provincial and federal governments, as well as public artwork by various entities, including foreign countries. This unfavourable context, coupled with the departure of the British army from the city's Citadel in 1871, contributed to the exodus of English speaking populations, such as local bourgeoisie of Scottish origin or workers of Irish background, to Montreal in the second half of the 19th century. The Algonquian people had originally named the area Kébec, an Algonquin languagec word meaning "where the river narrows", because the Saint Lawrence River narrows by the promontory of Quebec and its Cape Diamant. In French, the two are distinguished in that province names including Quebec generally take definite articles, while city names do not.

Between 1982 and 1992, the Quebec government's attitude changed to prioritize reforming the federation. After the referendum, Lévesque went back to Ottawa to continue negotiating constitutional changes. In the 1980 referendum on sovereignty-association, 40% were for and 60% were against.

French Canadians often established themselves in Little Canadas in many industrial New England centres. From the mid-1800s to the Great Depression, Quebec experienced the Grande Hémorragie ("Great Hemorrhaging"), a massive emigration of 900,000 people from Quebec to New England. Finally, the Great Seal of Quebec is used to authenticate documents issued by the government of Quebec. Other distinct holiday traditions include the Réveillon, a giant feast and party which takes place during Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve and goes on until midnight. La Saint-Jean-Baptiste, or La St-Jean, honours French Canada's patron saint, John the Baptist. Quebec has hosted several major sporting events, including the 1976 Summer Olympics, the Fencing World Championships in 1967, track cycling in 1974, and the Transat Québec-Saint-Malo race created in 1984.

Their financing mostly comes from public taxes, but the laws under which they operate grants them more autonomy than other levels of education. All universities in Quebec exist by virtue of laws adopted by the National Assembly of Quebec in 1967 during the Quiet Revolution. There are currently 115 telecommunications companies established in the province, including Motorola, Ericsson and Mitec. Thanks to hydroelectricity, Quebec is the world's fourth largest aluminum producer and creates 90% of Canadian aluminum. Montreal is globally considered one of the aerospace industry's great centres, and several international aviation organisations seat here. In 2021, Quebec's aerospace industry employed 35,000 people and its sales totalled C$15.2 billion – the world's 6th largest.

As a result, in English, the federal government style distinguishes the city and province by spelling the city with an acute accent (Québec) and the province without one (Quebec). Common English-language usage distinguishes the city from the province by referring to the former as Quebec City. As of July 2021, the city had a population of 549,459, and the Census Metropolitan Area (including surrounding communities) had a population of 839,311. The province’s major metropolis, Montreal (Montréal), encompassing Montreal Island, Jesus Island to the north, and several communities on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River, is the second largest city in Canada. The education system of Quebec, administered by the government of Quebec's Ministry of Education and Higher Education, differs from those of other Canadian provinces. In 2021, the Indigenous population of Quebec numbered 205,010 (2.5% of the population), including 15,800 Inuit, 116,550 First Nations people, and 61,010 Métis.

Feel a rush between the river and mountains

His government emphasized clerico-nationalist values and implemented conservative policies now known as the Grande Noirceur. Following a 1942 poll that showed 73% of Quebec's residents were against conscription, while 80% or more were for conscription in every other province, the federal government passed Bill 80, which allowed conscription for overseas service. In 1931, the Statute of Westminster was enacted, which confirmed the autonomy of the Dominions – including Canada and its provinces – from the UK, as well as their free association in the Commonwealth of Nations. After enormous difficulty in the federal government, because almost every French-speaking MP opposed conscription while almost all English-speaking MPs supported it, the Military Service Act, 1917 became law on August 29, 1917.